As some of you know I have a forthcoming articles in American Libraries about the 1918 Spanish Flu outbreak and its effect on libraries. I first became interested in the 1918 pandemic in early 1985 after suffering through a bad bout of the flu. Until then I equated the flu with a cold and was shocked at how sick I had become. I wanted to learn more about the flu and after some poking around at the CU-Boulder library I came across Alfred W. Crosby’s
Epidemic and peace, 1918. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1976. I read about the horrible deaths people suffered and the extensive loss of life in the 1918 pandemic. Why had I not heard about this before? After that I began to read all I could find – but there was very little published at that time – and talk to people who had either lived through the pandemic or had family stories about it. I realized that my grandparent’s generation had lived through this disaster and that it was something they did not want to recall.
In the late 1990’s there were a spate of books on the pandemic. Gina Bari Kolata’s
Flu : the story of the great influenza pandemic of 1918 and the search for the virus that caused it, which was based on her article in the New York Times Magazine, renewed popular awareness on the 1918 pandemic. The SARS outbreak in 2003 brought more awareness and the World Health Organization and United States government began to develop informative websites.
In 2004-2005 there was a flu vaccine shortage. Because I was not at risk I was not able to get the vaccine in 2005 and in January of 2006 I again became very sick with the flu. As I recovered I started to think about what I would do at work if there were a pandemic. I had just lived though Hurricane Wilma which had come through south Florida in October of 2005. I had observed how library staff and users had reacted to a relatively minor local disaster. How would we respond to a bigger one? Could we learn from how libraries had dealt with a nationwide disaster in the past? The 1918 flu outbreak had been a nationwide disaster. I started to do some research.
The library had recently acquired New York Times in ProQuest’s Historical Newspapers Collection database so I thought to start there. In searching I found articles including one that mentioned that NYPL had stopped circulating books. This was a surprise. It takes a lot for a library to do that. In the Times I could read the day to day accounts that tracked the start of the pandemic and its spread. I then decided to read what the library literature said. I found The Library Journal and ALA’s Bulletin of the American Library Association on microfilm at the Broward County Main Library. While at the library for a SEFLIN workshop one day, I used my breaks to read film. I read every issue of the two publications for 1918-1919. While there were no articles or editorials about the pandemic – ALA did not even acknowledge it in its publication – I did notice that in a column called “The Library World” in The Library Journal, that there were reports from libraries, library schools and library associations, which mentioned the Spanish Flu. I realized that these grassroots accounts showed that libraries had been affected. I started looking at library histories and came across
Place of learning, place of dreams: a history of the Seattle Public Library.There was a mention of the pandemic. Histories of other libraries such as Boston Public and the Detroit Public Library, also mentioned the pandemic. Going online I started to find library histories for such diverse locations as Brunswick, Maine, Michigan City, Indiana and Norfolk, Virginia– again all with a passing mention.
In April, 2006 I made a trip to New York City to see family and went to NYPL Research Library, a library I have relied on for many years. Remembering that NYT article I called for the annual report for NYPL for 1918 – and found a mention of the pandemic. I recalled that NYPL had had a library school in the early years of the 20th century and realized that there might be other library reports to read. I started to work the catalog and began finding many other annual reports. NYPL has a very thorough collection of reports from all over the country from all types of libraries, both large and small. A bibliographer in the past had done their job well! Over several months I made repeated trips to NY and systematically read my way “across” the country following the pandemic. I found annual reports covering 1918-1919 for Boston, Providence, Hartford, Newark, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, D.C., Buffalo, Detroit, Chicago, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, Kansas City, Missouri, Omaha, Denver, Seattle, and San Francisco. Almost all mentioned and/or discussed the influenza pandemic. Each report also had statistics which verified the impact of the pandemic. Most importantly for me each report had a voice – a library director and his staff telling their story, talking about their work and leaving their account of what happened that awful year. Sometimes I felt I was reading contemporary reports – directors begging, bragging, complaining and flattering their boards detailing their needs and wants, expectations and dreams. These reports were very human to read and I wanted to preserve these librarians’ stories.
In the last ten years there has been a growing awareness of the 1918 pandemic and numerous articles have been written about the local impact on communities and groups including colleges and universities. Two that I found particularly interesting were Rex W. Adams “The 1918 Spanish Influenza, Berkeley’s “Quinta Columna.” Chronicle of the University of California, 1, Spring, 1998 pp. 51-52, and Laura Stephenson Carter’s “Cold Comfort.” Dartmouth Medicine, V. 31, n. 2, Winter 2006. pp. 36-57.
The article really wrote itself. I am actually sort of amazed about my obsession on this topic but I felt I needed to document this history and perhaps help people understand what might happen if we were to undergo such a disaster again. By last spring I had the article written and started to wonder what to do with it. Then one day I was reading American Libraries and saw they were marking their centennial. Perhaps they would be interested and so I sent the editor an email. They were and now the article will appear in the December American Libraries.
I still do research on the topic and right now I am developing a power point illustrating the story. I was getting pretty frustrated about keeping track of images I find online -- I could print them but then lose the paper or I could bookmark them but then have this long list of who knew what! Also I would be on different computers -- at home, at work, at other libraries, etc.
Playing with Del.icio.us was an eye opener -- I could use it to organize these sites! Way cool and it would make my life easier -- Now I can quickly find that video of Teddy Roosevelt again addressing a public crowd as part of a liberty bond drive in 1918 -- an incident that fueled the Spanish Flu outbreak in Baltimore! See:
http://www.baltimoresun.com/video/?slug=bal-1918flu-rooseveltvideo